Thirty years on from German reunification, Dr Anna Raute, an academic from Queen Mary University of London, has published a working paper which sheds new light on the impact it had on women.
According to the research, even decades after reunification, mothers who grew up in East Germany are still quicker to return to work after the birth of a child than mothers who grew up in West Germany.
The findings also showed that women from East Germany work longer hours. However, the study also reveals that West German women who directly interacted with East German women have changed their working practices since 1990.
Whilst much has been written on the various impacts of reunification, often focusing on how the West has influenced the East, few studies have shown that the process has also worked the other way around. In the case of this study, it shows that the East also had an influence over the working culture of the West. As such the research sheds new light on the subject of German reunification, the 30th anniversary of which takes place on 3 October 2020.
The study focused on first-time mothers who gave birth between 2003 and 2006, 13 to 16 years after German reunification. These women were born on average in 1975 and therefore spent their childhoods under two very different regimes.
As a state socialist country, East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR) strongly encouraged mothers to participate in the labour market full-time, whereas West Germany propagated a more traditional male breadwinner model. For example in 1989 around 89 per cent of women in the GDR worked, one of the highest rates in the world, compared to 56 per cent of women in West Germany.
Prior to unification many women in the West left the labour market entirely or returned to part time positions since it was often frowned upon for women to work after giving birth. Attitudes to traditional gender roles were apparent in West Germany in the jargon used. Words such as ‘Rabenmutter’ (translates as ‘raven mother’), were derogatory terms used for working mothers. In the East non-working mothers were described as ‘Schmarotzer’ (parasites). At the time East German was one of the first countries in the world to introduce a generous maternity leave policy and make childcare freely available.
After reunification, these two cultures were suddenly thrown together, with increased social interactions between East and West Germans through migration and commuting. The findings of the study show that it is women from the East who have had an impact on their counterparts in the West and have gone on to change the norms and practices of new mums when it comes to the workplace.
Whilst it was found that East German migrants in West Germany hardly adjusted their labour supply, behaving according to their East German upbringing, West German migrants living in East Germany almost completely adjusted.
The study also found West German return migrants, who had lived in the East but returned to the West, still behaved similarly to their East German counterparts. According to the researchers this suggests that exposure to East German culture had a lasting impact and that West German women have taken on the norms of East Germans when it comes to combining work and family life. Moreover, large inflows of East German workers post 1990 appear to have made West German workplaces more family friendly.
In a broader context, the findings also suggest that women who were raised in more traditional cultures, but were exposed to a more equal culture, take on the norms of their current cultural environment. This stands in contrast to East German women who were raised in a more equal gender culture and held onto these beliefs and values.
Dr Anna Raute, Lecturer in Economics at Queen Mary said: “Our results suggest that migration can be a catalyst for cultural change. So much has been written about the East taking on the values of the West but here we show that the East also influenced the values of the West if women had the possibility to interact.”
Barbara Boelmann, Doctoral Researcher at University College London, added: “Another thing which surprised us was that cultural transmission seems to be asymmetric. It only works coming from a more gender traditional background changing towards a more egalitarian behaviour.”
Professor Uta Schönberg from University College London said: “Taken together, our results indicate a lasting legacy of the former GDR, both on women in the East and – through migration – on women in the West.”
Research paper: Winds of Change? Cultural Determinants of Maternal Labour Supply (2020) Barbara Boelmann (University College London and University of Cologne), Anna Raute (Queen Mary University of London) and Uta Schönberg (University College London and Institute for Employment Research (IAB).
For media information, contact: